Part of the of the problem is the power supply for the MCU is a linear regulator.
USB supply is 5.2V Required voltage is 3.3V so it’s only about 60% efficient if you use a switching regulator you can get this into the high 80s-90s
You should also think about removing the USB to serial chip from the equation as that’s just a waste.
Then remove any leds.
If you want to run from batteries I would be looking at a 2S battery pack and two switching regulators one always on 3.3V for the MCU and then a switched 5V regulator for the SDS011 controlled by the MCU.
Just to give you an idea the average current of a NodeMCU is about 40mA and with a switching regulator and no usb chip it goes down to about 20mA.